Abbreviations and Acronyms for English Learners

Abbreviations and Acronyms for English Learners Any shortened form of a word or phrase is an abbreviation. Acronyms are also a type of abbreviation that can be pronounced as a single word.   Abbreviations are selectively used in spoken conversation as well as written English. Generally, common abbreviations such as measurements and titles are always abbreviated in written form. Days and months are commonly written out. Online, abbreviations and acronyms are most common in texting, chat rooms and in SMS. In spoken English, we often use abbreviations in informal conversations. A good rule of thumb is to use abbreviations and acronyms that you know others are familiar with, and avoid them when they are too specific. For example, if you are having a conversation with a business colleague it may be appropriate to use abbreviations particular to your line of work. However, the use of work-related abbreviations would be out of place if speaking with friends. Here is a guide to some of the most common abbreviations. Titles One of the most common types of abbreviations is the shortened word. Either the first few letters of a word  or important letters in the word are used for this type of abbreviation. Common abbreviations include titles used in everyday conversation, as well as military ranks: Mr. - MisterMrs. - MistressMs. - MissDr. - DoctorJr. - JuniorSr. - SeniorCapt. - CaptainComdr. - CommanderCol. - ColonelGen. - GeneralHon. - the HonorableLt. - LieutenantRev. - the Reverend Other common abbreviations include: Months of the Year Jan. - JanuaryFeb. - FebruaryMar. - MarchApr. - AprilAug. - AugustSept. - SeptemberOct. - OctoberNov. - NovemberDec. - December Days of the Week Mon. - MondayTues. - TuesdayWed. - WednesdayThurs. - ThursdayFri. - FridaySat. - SaturdaySun. - Sunday Weight and Volume gal. - gallonlb - poundoz - ouncept - pintqt - quartwt. - weightvol. - volume Time hr - hourmin - minutesec - second Length - US/UK in. - inchft - footmi - mileyd - yard Measures in Metrics kg - kilogramkm - kilometerm - metermg - milligrammm - millimeter Initial Letter Abbreviations Initial letter abbreviations take  the first letter of each important word in a short phrase to make up the abbreviation. Prepositions are usually left out of initial letter abbreviations. One of the most common initial letter abbreviations is the USA - United States of America. Notice how the preposition of is left out of this abbreviation. Other common initial letter abbreviations include: Directions N - NorthS - SouthE - EastW - WestNE - NortheastNW - NorthwestSE - SoutheastSW - Southwest Important Institutions BBC - British Broadcasting CorporationEU - European UnionIRS - Internal Revenue ServiceNASA - National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNATO - North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationUNICEF - United Nations Childrens FundWHO - World Health Organization Types of Measurement MPH - Miles per hourRPM - Revolutions per minuteBtu - British thermal unitsF - FahrenheitC - Celsius SMS, Texting, Chat Many abbreviations are used online and in our daily lives with smartphones, chat rooms, etc. Here are a few, but follow the links for a complete list in alphabetical order. B4N - Bye for nowASAP - As soon as possibleNP - No problemTIC - Tongue in cheek Acronyms Acronyms are initial letter abbreviations that are pronounced as one word. To take the examples from above, the BBC is NOT an acronym because it is pronounced as it is spelled: the B - B - C. However, NATO is an acronym because it is pronounced as one word. ASAP is another acronym, but ATM is not. Tips for Using Abbreviations and Acronyms Use abbreviations when texting by learning common texting abbreviationsUse acronyms as a mnemonic device to help you learn a wider range of vocabulary. In other words, take a list of words you want to learn and memorize the first letters of each word you want to learn. For example, primary colors: RBYred,  blue,  yellow.Use abbreviations when writing quick emails in an informal voice.Do not use abbreviations or when writing formal emails, reports or letters except for common organization namesFor more uncommon acronyms, use the entire name followed by the acronym in parentheses the first time you use the acronym in written communications. For example: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is responsible for loaning money to nations. As the world experiences more economic difficulties, the role of the IMF is often called into question.

Diversity in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Diversity in Organizations - Essay Example In the case of I.T. business relationship established between India and US companies the factors that need to be assessed are more specific. The ability to understand the difference in workforce demographics by all levels of management, categorisation of diversity, establishing necessary legal framework relating to diversity issues like employment discrimination and creation of equal employment opportunity are the few important factors that need careful attention. The initiatives for diversity management must precede proper understanding of the above mentioned factors. A brief analysis of the important factors that need to be considered in the US-India business relationship are given below. Both India and United States belong to the group of countries that have highly diverse societies. The business relationship between two nations also have different type of diversity challenges and priorities. The highly skewed pattern of access to professional education, socialization and career progression in India creates tremendous pressure on locating, retraining and moulding the newly recruits to the expected level of competence desired. Thus non-uniform distribution of talent is the major bottleneck faced by overseas IT enterprises trying to establish business relationship in Indian mainland (Schome, n.d.). The task of managing the diversity in India would also be a new experience for American managers as they have been exposed to totally different requirements when compared to their previous experience back home. The American society is more adaptable to the changes required due to the huge entry of immigrants and or those underrepresented segment of the population. These man agers have had an earlier experience of creating an environment of social bond inspite of the prevailing diversity. Perception on diversity The major difference in the perception of the diversity across two nations clearly conveys the true picture on the diversity perception. The religion, gender, birth place, caste etc are the major diversity issues encountering an Indian. While in US they also include disability, age, marital status, immigration / citizenship status and sexual orientation (Schome, n.d). Legal Framework US have a very strong legal framework to ensure more robust policies with proper legal action being enforced against the corporate offenders. And these action are often highlighted as the cases of the best corporate practices. While in India, the things are more weak and the system lack proper legal support for any discriminatory practices. All the government and public sector undertaking bodies in India have a system of reservation, where a specified percentage of positions are earmarked for the people representing different caste/religion/section. Management Plan The diversity initiatives at workplace must facilitate easy exchange of new ideas and perceptions among all the members of the working group. Further, it would also help wider participation among all by inviting suggestions and solutions to important issues and thus ensure a respectful and acceptable work environment in the organization (Reichenburg,

Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Anthropology - Essay Example This topic is important because it will assist an anthropologist to analyze the theories of evolution with a better stand. It is also essential since it tells about the origin of humans and it will help in determining the similarities in biological and physical characteristics of the beings in association with their area of origin. It will also help in determining the changes that have occurred in the human beings from their time of existence. Answer: The author presented an argument supporting the Out of Africa theory which states that today’s human beings evolved basically from Africa and around 100,000 to 200,000 years back. A research was conducted by a group of researchers from the University of Maryland in 2003 in Tanzania. This is an area presenting a population with diverse phenotypic differences. The mitochondrial DNA was analyzed and the changes in their genes were kept constant and the time for their evolution resulted to around 170000 years back which supported the fact of the Out of Africa theory. Two skulls were also discovered from Ethiopia which also upheld this fact that the period of development of today’s beings dates back to around 100000 to 200000 years. Answer: The author also presented with the Multiregional theory which provides explanation that human beings basically evolved from not just one location but the modern human beings actually originated everywhere around the world and they spread and went distant apart which led to the development of different racial characteristics amongst them. This hypothesis claims that the earliest remains of human beings will not be restricted to one area but will rather be found all around the world and that the recent human beings have evolved long time back that is more than million years back. The author then explained his arguments in favor of the Out of Africa hypothesis with strong evidences to support this theory above the Multiregional

Economic development Essay Example for Free

Economic development Essay Today, education is the most important tool for the development of society. There is a direct correlation between education and development of society. The countries that realize this fact, giving the required importance for their education system, have become highly developed. Education should be promoted since it is the most important factor for the development of a country. The promotion of the education is depended on the factors like literacy rate in a country, schooling rate in the primary, secondary and higher education, proliferation of training technologies, and the quality of the education. This promotion process should be considered as a necessary condition for economic, technological and social development for a nation. In other words, the process of a successful development depends on the fact of gibing the society a conscious of change which is highly connected to education. Fist of all, education enlightens people. The educated person is the person who improves oneself. A person increases her/his level of knowledge through education, so he/she has a better understanding and analyzing of daily matters and an agenda. That person can make logical deductions based on the knowledge he gains and refuses the traditional corrupted understanding. Individual’s ability of the interpretation of knowledge through one’s intelligence and skills is supported by education; accordingly, increasing the creativity and intellectual thinking. An individual can learn about different cultures, lifestyles and history from past to present; hence education provides universal perspective to an individual. The most important differential of uneducated person is having a narrow point of view. A person should be educated in order to learn taking objective decisions and being liberated from the social pressure. Besides, educated people respect the rights of others and they have a fair understanding of the concept of equality, right to life, and right to property. The reason why developed countries show highly respect to the individual rights is that the education level of the country is being fairly high. On the other hand, the reason why there are deep inequalities between women and men or rich and poor in under-developed countries is that the education level in there is being fairly low. Besides, there is also a lack of respect to the human rights in these under-developed countries due to low education level. Secondly, education affects the development of science and technology of a country. Technological developments increase by knowledge and research which is provided by education. It is the advancement and proliferation of technology that makes countries developing by the production of knowledge, schooling of creative minds leads countries develop economically, technologically and politically. Education, advancement of technology and development are in a circle movement which produces itself. Cakmak also says that as a result of the creation of science and technology, mobility of scientific knowledge, and nurturing of individuals with creative minds, countries have experienced important economic and political changes which lead to infinitive competition among them in the fields of education, development and innovation (Cakmak O. 2008). In addition, developed countries use technology as a part of their education system. Thus, every student can follow technology and learn about the newest advancements which lead them learn better and improve their intelligence. Finally, education leads knowledge turn into money that improves the economy of a country. Educated people knowing to learn how to invest, produce, expand the business adjusts and improves the economy causing the increase of gross domestic product per capita. Education also gives more job opportunities to people in the business sector. According to OECD, the effect of education to the economic development is proved in the researches of economic growth in 1960s. The researches show that contribution of education to the economic growths is really important and this percentage differs as %7 in England, %15 in USA, %14 in Belgium, %16 in Argentina, and %25 in Canada (OECD, 2005). Some may argue that education does not affect the economic development of a country. There are lots of uneducated but successful business men. People can learn how to run a business without an education. To illustrate, â€Å"Sak? p Sabanc? , who is the founder and chairman of the Sabanc? Holding due to the reason suffering from pneumonia three successive years, had to leave the high school and start to work in BOSSA Flour Factory in 1950 with a wage of 50 TL† (NTV Haber). Considering his life, it is obvious that one can learn how to run a business without education. Hence, it is not only education but also experience that makes one successful in business. All in all, economic, social and technologic development of a country is highly related to the education level of that country. Without education, a country can not develop. The only way of individual’s enlighten and learning to use knowledge, and increase of technology is education. Thus, education should be promoted since it is the most important factor for the development of a country. Oznur Sakar.

Buddhism :: essays research papers

Buddhism: Things I Find Interesting As I was reading the selected portions of the book for this chapter, I came across a few things that I found interesting. At first I did not catch them, but after I went back and reread the selections, I found these things, that I thought were intriguing. Buddhism is supposedly a non-theistic religion. However, in the reading titled "The Majjhim-Nikaya: Questions Which Lend Not to Edification" (5.1) and in "Realizing the Four Noble Truths" (5.3, the Buddha is continually referred to as "The Blessed One". If he is only a man, why is he referred to in such a way? Other Buddhists have the potential to become Buddhas, so would they also be referred to as "Blessed One"? If this Buddha was not the first, and not the last Buddha, why are other Buddhas also not referred to as "Blessed ones"? In my opinion, if this Buddha is not considered to be a god, then he should at least be referred to as "One of the Blessed Ones" instead of "The Blessed One". Another concept that I found interesting was the idea of duality that was discussed in "The Majjhima-Nikaya: Questions Which Lend Not to Edification" (5.1). I do not quite understand it, so I was intrigued it. The selection says that the soul and body are identical, and then that the soul and body are separate. It says that the world is finite and that the world is infinite. It also says that the world is eternal and then that it is not. How can these things be? I do not understand how the saint can both exist and not exist after death. I think that in my worldview, things such as these concepts are not present. I see ideas such as the world, and the body and soul as one way or the other.

Coronary Artery Disease Essay

Coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease, is a condition in which plaque builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle. This plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis, the buildup of plaque occurs over many years. Over time, the plaque hardens which causes your coronary arteries to narrow, which limits the amount of oxygen and blood your muscles are supposed to get to function properly. Coronary Artery Disease is the leading cause of death in the United States because of the people’s not so healthy diet, lack of exercise, and tendency to smoke, which are the leading causes of Coronary artery disease. The symptoms might be very noticeable, or you might not experience anything when having CHD, one of the main symptoms is Angina which causes major chest pain or at least some discomfort or abnormal feeling on your chest. Also, you may feel like your chest is closing up and it will become harder for you to breathe, also may experience pain on your neck, lower back, and extremities, oh and not less important, fatigue and weakness are also symptoms. For treatment, your doctor will give you specific medications based on how severe your case is, eating habits will need to change, start exercising, and if a smoker, to quit smoking. Oh, very important to know, DO NOT under any circumstances, stop your medication, it will come back and probably worse than before it was treated. In very extreme cases, an angioplasty and stent placement, coronary artery bypass surgery, or a minimally invasive heart surgery will be needed in order to survive. Although everyone is different, early detection of CHD generally results in a better outcome. But after treatment, it’s not all gone; you might be stuck with some long-term effects. One of them being Unstable Angina, which I said was a severe chest pain due to not enough oxygen going to the lungs. Heart failure could also happen, due to the lack of blood and oxygen being transported to the heart, it weakens which makes everything much difficult than before, this is a heart failure. A long- term coronary artery disease could lead to suffering heart attacks, which happens when the artery is completely blocked, so no oxygen or blood flowing through whatsoever. Coronary artery disease is a very harmful disease when not treated, but being healthy could prevent it References: * http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/coronary-heart-disease/overview.html * http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cad/

Cultural Identities Gender, Race, And Media - 2270 Words

Chandrakala Sunwar ID: 1303082 1 ECTS5001 Cultural Identities: Gender, Race Media Chandrakala Sunwar, FSH (1303082) Framing images of feminity Chandrakala Sunwar ID: 1303082 2 Women both on and off screen have been portrayed in a manner that represent some feminist preference. Specifically, the feminist ideology is reproduced and represented in the manner in which female are dressed both on screen and off-screen. In a review of past period of time, women roles were only to do with household chores and they dressed in a manner that showed what could be expressed as an ideal woman. However, the view point toward women has largely changed from the view of an ideal woman to the view of a modest woman with the increase in ideological theory of social equality and gender empowerment. The view of a modest woman has been largely increased by the help of media on the feminist ideologies as well as the manner in which media presents women on screen. For instance, media presents women dressed in a manner that shows some sexual appeals in which the dress shows some modest body structure and exposes some body parts of women. The above p aragraph tells us the fact that women both on screen and off-screen have been over-identified with their image. The purpose of this essay is going to critically evaluate the different ways in which dress in visual cultural contributes to the formation of feminine gender roles in the society.Show MoreRelatedHow Society Perceives Different Groups Based On Race, Class, And Gender1656 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper explores how society perceives different groups based on race, class, and gender. The paper will compare and contrast Robert Grandfield’s research on how elite students from working class interpret their perspective of stigma of social class and Edward W. Morris’s analysis of inequality in education based on race, class, and gender. 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